'Brain Parts Function & Parts of the Brain' 'There are different brain parts and functions. Learn here which parts of the brain are involved in what functions.' 'Baby's Brain Power ~ Believe it or not but your babies brain power development actually starts within the womb.' Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The brain can be divided into three basic units: the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain. These areas are: Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe, Frontal lobe. ![]() Key Takeaways Key Points • The study of psychology focuses on the interaction of mental processes and behavior on a systemic level, and therefore is intimately related to understanding the brain. • One of the most complex systems in nature, the brain is composed of systems that must all work together to keep the human body functioning. • The brain is split up into three major layers: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. Key Terms • neural tube: An embryo’s predecessor to the central nervous system. The human brain is one of the most complex systems on earth. Every component of the brain must work together in order to keep its body functioning. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which alongside the peripheral nervous system is responsible for regulating all bodily functions. The central nervous system: 1. Brain stem 3. Spinal cord Psychology seeks to explain the mental processes and behavior of individuals by studying the interaction between mental processes and behavior on a systemic level. Therefore, the field of psychology is tightly intertwined with the study of the brain. The Structure of the Brain The developing brain goes through many stages. In the embryos of vertebrates, the predecessor to the brain and spinal cord is the neural tube. As the fetus develops, the grooves and folds in the neural tube deepen, giving rise to different layers of the brain. The human brain is split up into three major layers: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. The embryonic brain: The layers of the embryonic brain. The telencephalon and diencephalon give rise to the forebrain, while the metencephalon and myelencephalon give rise to the hindbrain. Hindbrain The hindbrain is the well-protected central core of the brain. It includes the cerebellum, reticular formation, and brain stem, which are responsible for some of the most basic autonomic functions of life, such as breathing and movement. The brain stem contains the pons and medulla oblongata. Evolutionarily speaking, the hindbrain contains the oldest parts of the brain, which all vertebrates possess, though they may look different from species to species. Select 'More info' next to the relevant entry to see full certification history. August 14, 1993. March 13, 1993. Note: User needs to enter 'Kenny Rogers' in the 'Search' field, 'Artist' in the 'Search by' field and click the 'Go' button. Midbrain The midbrain makes up part of the brain stem. It is located between the hindbrain and forebrain. All sensory and motor information that travels between the forebrain and the spinal cord passes through the midbrain, making it a relay station for the central nervous system. Forebrain The forebrain is the most anterior division of the developing vertebrate brain, containing the most complex networks in the central nervous system. ![]() The forebrain has two major divisions: the diencephalon and the telencephalon. The diencephalon is lower, containing the thalamus and hypothalamus (which together form the limbic system); the telencephalon is on top of the diencephalon and contains the cerebrum, the home of the highest-level cognitive processing in the brain. It is the large and complicated forebrain that distinguishes the human brain from other vertebrate brains. Key Takeaways Key Points • The brain’s lower-level structures are the oldest in the brain, and are more geared towards basic bodily processes than the higher-level structures. • Except for the spinal cord, the brain’s lower-level structures are largely located within the hindbrain, diencephalon (or interbrain), and midbrain. • The hindbrain consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum, which control respiration and movement among other functions. • The midbrain is interposed between the hindbrain and the forebrain. Its ventral areas are dedicated to motor function while the dorsal regions are involved in sensory information circuits. • The thalamus and hypothalamus are located within the diencephalon (or “interbrain”), and are part of the limbic system. Fl studio registry. They regulate emotions and motivated behaviors like sexuality and hunger. • The spinal cord is a tail-like structure embedded in the vertebral canal of the spine, and is involved in transporting sensorimotor information and controlling nearby organs. Key Terms • ventral: On the front side of the human body, or the corresponding surface of an animal, usually the lower surface. • proprioception: The sense of the position of parts of the body relative to neighbouring parts of the body. • dorsal: With respect to, or concerning the side in which the backbone is located, or the analogous side of an invertebrate. The brain’s lower-level structures consist of the brain stem and spinal cord, along with the cerebellum. Brain Parts And Functions PsychologyWith the exception of the spinal cord, these structures are largely located within the hindbrain, diencephalon (or interbrain), and midbrain. These lower dorsal structures are the oldest parts of the brain, having existed for much of its evolutionary history. As such they are geared more toward basic bodily processes necessary to survival. It is the more recent layers of the brain (the forebrain) which are responsible for the higher-level cognitive functioning (language, reasoning) not strictly necessary to keep a body alive. The Hindbrain The hindbrain, which includes the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum, is responsible some of the oldest and most primitive body functions. Each of these structures is described below. Medulla Oblongata The medulla oblongata sits at the transition zone between the brain and the spinal cord. ![]() It is the first region that formally belongs to the brain (rather than the spinal cord). It is the control center for respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive functions. Pons The pons connects the medulla oblongata with the midbrain region, and also relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum. It houses the control centers for respiration and inhibitory functions. The cerebellum is attached to the dorsal side of the pons. Cerebellum The cerebellum is a separate region of the brain located behind the medulla oblongata and pons. It is attached to the rest of the brain by three stalks (called pedunculi), and coordinates skeletal muscles to produce smooth, graceful motions. The cerebellum receives information from our eyes, ears, muscles, and joints about the body’s current positioning (referred to as proprioception). It also receives output from the cerebral cortex about where these body parts should be. After processing this information, the cerebellum sends motor impulses from the brain stem to the skeletal muscles so that they can move. The main function of the cerebellum is this muscle coordination. However, it is also responsible for balance and posture, and it assists us when we are learning a new motor skill, such as playing a sport or musical instrument. Recent research shows that apart from motor functions the cerebellum also has some role in emotional sensitivity. Human and shark brains: The shark brain diverged on the evolutionary tree from the human brain, but both still have the “old” structures of the hindbrain and midbrain dedicated to autonomic bodily processes. The Midbrain The midbrain is located between the hindbrain and forebrain, but it is actually part of the brain stem. It displays the same basic functional composition found in the spinal cord and the hindbrain. Ventral areas control motor function and convey motor information from the cerebral cortex. Dorsal regions of the midbrain are involved in sensory information circuits. The substantia nigra, a part of the brain that plays a role in reward, addiction, and movement (due to its high levels of dopaminergic neurons) is located in the midbrain. In Parkinson’s disease, which is characterized by a deficit of dopamine, death of the substantia nigra is evident.
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